History Of Wrestling Essays - Sports Rules And Regulations

History Of Wrestling The forms of wrestling we know today as Greco-Roman, Folkstyle, and Freestyle found their origins in the lands on the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. These lands are where the Ancient Greeks resided, and developed the art of wrestling. The Greeks influenced the styles and skills of wrestling of today. The sport of wrestling has been highly developed for over five thousand years, and it is believed to have begun part of the soldiers training, The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling stated. Proof of this lie on the walls of the tomb in Beni Hasan in the form of pictures. These pictures are about five thousand years old and show holds from both the standing positions and the ground positions. From that time to the present wrestling turned from military skill to a sport skill. (The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling,7-2) During this time wrestling was also developed in other cultures, like that of ancient Greeks. Wrestling to the Greeks was not only part of the soldier's training, but was also a part of everyday life. Youth did not only learn grammar, art of speech, and mathematics, but young men also went through physical training, which consist of dancing and the art of wrestling. The Greeks saw wrestling as a development of grace and an activity that demands a high skill and physical fitness. (The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling,7-3) Greek literature points out this skill of wrestling was used by gods and kings, as well as by soldiers and private citizens, in their efforts to overcome evil and brute force. Most of the heroes of Greek mythology were considered skillful wrestlers. Their view of skill most likely led to its introduction as a major sport in the Olympic Games in the year 704 B.C. (The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling,7-4) Wrestling was a major sport in most Greek festivals, including the Olympic Games. In these festivals sports other than wrestling, such as foot races, chariot-races, throwing of the discos and javelin, and boxing, were also included. These events with variations and additions made up the program of the athletic festivals of Greece through the whole history. The events of the Olympic Games survived even through the rise and the fall of the Roman Empire. With the conquering of the Greece by the Romans, the Greek form of wrestling began to lose popularity, since, the Romans didn't have the same sense of grace and skill, stated The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling. The Romans were also not interested in brute strength and violence. (The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling,7-5) One last thing that brought the decline of Greek wrestling, is the participation of many more countries in the Olympics. This was due to The Romans allowing other countries in the Olympics. The Greek spectators became tired of seeing their local wrestling heroes being defeated by competitors from the East. The success of the Asian wrestlers and others help along the decline of Greek Wrestling. (The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling,7-5) Wrestling technique has changed very little, and many of the modern holds were derived from the sport as it was practiced in ancient Egypt, in 704, included wrestling. Evidence that matches were increasingly being fixed and competitors rigged, however, cut short popularity of the sport, and it lay dormant for hundreds of years, stated the Concise Encyclopedia of Sports. (Concise Encyclopedia of Sports, 7-3) During the 19th century, Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling regained popular interest. Circuses and carnivals in the United States sponsored wrestling matches, and this activity led directly to the revival of wrestling. William Muldon was declared the first American Champion. Following World War I, fixed professional wrestling matches threatened to discredit wrestling, but the Federation International des Luttes Amateur founded in 1921, saved the sport. This governing body codified rules, set standards, and organized competitions for all amateur 7 freestyle and 6 Greco-Roman weight divisions, an increase from only having one weight division in the 1904 Olympics. (Concise Encyclopedia of Sports, 7-3) In the Olympic and international completions wrestlers compete against others approximately the same weight. Ten weight classifications exist from 15.8 pounds too more than 220.4

Criminology essayEssay Writing Service

Criminology essayEssay Writing Service Criminology essay Criminology essayCesare Beccaria is known for his revolutionary role in the sphere of criminal science. He is the key thinker and initiator of the abolitionist movement who made a great contribution to criminology, mainly by introducing well grounded arguments against the death penalty that still evoke different opinions on whether it has been justified to implement such kind of punishment and whether people have a right to slaughter their fellows in such a brutal way. Back in 1764, the Italian thinker Cesare Beccaria published his writing widely known under the title On Crimes and Punishments. By writing this treatise, Beccaria aimed at arguing that there should be some proportion between crimes and punishments (Bessler, 2009). It seemed quite absurd to Beccaria that the laws, which were supposed to be the direct expression of the social acceptance, ought to allow the public murder.Beccaria stood for the elimination of the barbarous kinds of execution arguing that they are a violati on to the laws of nature. He voted for the liberty of every human being. He stated his position by saying that the death penalty cannot be perceived as a human right, but rather as the national war against citizens. The essence of his writing lies in the fact that he viewed the human life itself as a natural right calling for the abolition of the death penalty.   Thus, the contribution of Beccaria to criminology cannot be argued about, as in his philosophical writings, he expressed the strong and truly revolutionary opposition against the death penalty as a means of punishment. And his writings were the turning point for the criminal science in terms of the evolution of crime punishment. His writings attracted the attention of the public and authorities breaking the ancient views and raising a question of whether death penalty is at all justified. In order to break through the skeptical views on this matter, Beccaria expressed well grounded views against the barbaric and totally u seless tortures practiced by people who claimed to be wise (Bessler, 2009).Thus, the contribution of Cesare Beccaria to the development of criminal science should not be underestimated. Nowadays, people shudder with horror when reading about the violent tortures leading to unjustified deaths of numerous people who sometimes were severely punished without enough evidence that they were at all responsible for this or that criminal act (Carroll, 1998). The history bristles with the examples when totally innocent people have been severely executed by the authorities who used barbarous ways of punishment. In his writings, Beccaria expressed his indignity with death penalty, thus turning the whole criminal science upside down and causing a real revolution in the minds of people. Contemporary criminology perceives Cesare Beccaria as a key thinker who managed to give persuasive evidence that death penalty is not the right kind of punishment that should be applied even in case a person is to blame for severe criminal actions. Beccaria proclaimed the liberty of every human being and thus, taking away one’s life cannot be justified in any way.Part II. The main components of positivism and its roleThe notion of positivism finds its roots in the philosophy closely linked to logic, while criminology grew from the social science and became a major method of analyzing the essence of crime. Positivist movement was introduced in the late 19th century implementing a scientific approach to the criminology. Positivism evolved from biological theories emphasizing the idea of the so-called â€Å"born criminal† to the theories referring crime to psychological and social factors as the major cause of criminal action. The main component of positivism is logic that is based on three major aspects. These are biological, psychological and social ones. Positivism is all grounded on the rational approval or disapproval with scientific assertions (Barlow Kauzlarich, 2010). Unl ike other approaches to criminology, positivism aims at obtaining the objective facts and is much more concerned with revealing the meaning behind one’s actions.One of the key components of positivism is rationalism aimed at uncovering the reasons behind behavior digging deep into the psyche of certain categories of individuals. Positivism is characterized by the replacement of ideological views with scientific ones that are all based on rational theories. Positivism tried to reveal some sort of defect inside criminally inclined individuals causing prejudice towards criminal behavior itself.The major role of positivism is that it managed to avert the attention of criminal scientists from the classical standpoint that was widely promoted prior to the positivism movement. Here, it needs to be mentioned that classicism being first formulated by the prominent figure Cesare Beccaria was based on the idea that one’s decision to commit some kind of crime is rational assuming that all humans are by nature liable to commit crime (Comte Lenzer, 1998). And this was the main difference of classical criminal science from positivism that viewed criminals as fundamentally different individuals biologically, sociologically, psychologically or in a certain mixture of all these three aspects.Biological positivism was based on certain predisposition to the appearance of criminals and positivist scientists who explored this aspect created a whole description of the criminally inclined individual. Some of the positivist scientists supported the opinion that the blame should be removed from some individual criminals with biological defects on the grounds that these defects show that the individual acted without free will. Some other positivist scientists focused on the psychological and social factors as the major causes of criminal acts. The social positivists expressed an opinion that all people are to some extent affected by the environment, thus the criminal is a product of the society as it had direct influence on the criminal’s behavior. Finally, psychological positivism focused on the notions of aggression, violence, sexuality and psychopathology (Comte Lenzer, 1998). These scientists developed the theories of personality and strongly believed that the criminal behavior should be investigated on the basis of the offender’s personal psychological traits.Judging from the above stated facts, it can be concluded that positivism was wholly based on three main components: biological, social and psychological. All of these components form the basis of the positivist movement. In such a way, positivism surely made a great contribution to the evolution of criminal science.Part III. The role of prisons and their effectiveness in modern American societyThe role of prisons and their major functions cannot be identified without giving a definition of the notion of prison itself. It needs to be mentioned that over the past decades, the role of prisons has evolved. People tend to view prisons as correctional institutions, however, their definition changes along with the constantly changing American society (Gilling, 1997). Prisons are generally considered to be special state institutions that limit the liberty of convicted offenders for the sake of social security, but this definition seems to be no longer accurate (Lombroso, Gibson Rafter, 2006). The philosophy concerning incarceration and its major role has changed from rehabilitation to limitation of freedom of those individuals who pose some sort of threat to the public safety and security. Today, criminalists perceive prisons’ major function as keeping offenders away from the public in order to ensure the public safety and avoid repetition of crime (MacCormick, 1950).The justification for imprisonment lies in the fact that it reduces the crime rate within the country. And this is probably one of the most actively debated issues in modern days. Some cri minal scientists argue that the increase of prison populations does not necessarily reduce criminal activity (O’Brien Yar, 2008). Thus, it is arguable whether imprisonment leads to the decline of crime rates. Simply locking up the offenders does not guarantee the safety of common public in the streets, although to some extent it is really so. However, the essence of crime is quite complex, and that is why there is no definite answer to whether prisons are at all effective in modern society.In fact, it should be admitted that nowadays prisons cannot be perceived as the most effective or desirable policy for ensuring social safety. In the United States, however, prisons are still used as the basic means of keeping criminals away from the public. Nonetheless, prisons have long stopped being means of either correction or rehabilitation. And thus, their effectiveness has considerably dropped. Although it is evident that prisons provide the society with some kind of protection fro m crime by keeping offenders away from the public for some period of time, all this does not ensure that criminal activities will extinct (Sampson Laub, 1993). Modern American society surely seeks to protect itself against the violent acts of certain individuals, but imprisonment is hardly the most effective way to achieve this. And even extremely long sentences for some kinds of crimes or life imprisonment cannot guarantee that the American society can live in a peaceful environment without any criminal activity around. Thus, there should be found some alternative and more effective ways of preventing crimes and reducing crime rates.ConclusionTo conclude, the above research investigated different aspects of criminal science. Firstly, it gave a full-fledged analysis of the contribution of Cesare Beccaria to criminology and the sociology of deviance. It needs to be said that Cesare Beccaria played a revolutionary role in the way that he was among the key thinkers who voted for the a bolishment of death penalty that was customary in ancient times. He managed to reveal the essence of such kind of punishment showing that it is a violation of basic human rights. His contribution lies in the fact that he has given evidence and much justified information on the negative sides of death penalty as a direct violation of the laws of nature. Thus, his contribution to the criminal science should in no way be underestimated.Secondly, the presented research revealed the basic features of positivism and its key components that are categorized as social, psychological and biological. All of these essential components of positivism have been fully discussed and argued about. The research also pointed out that positivism is all about rational thinking based on scientific logic. Such issue as the role of positivism for the evolution of criminal science has also been defined and investigated. Its major role implies turning from the classical school of criminology to a new and tota lly different one.Thirdly, the research analyzed the role and effectiveness of prisons as means of ensuring social security within the United States. In fact, prisons have stopped being institutions of rehabilitation or punishment, but turned into the institutions that keep criminals away from common people who require safe and secure living conditions. However, it has been admitted that imprisonment does not guarantee the decline of crime rates as simply locking up the aggressive and violent individuals cannot ensure total extinction of criminal activity within the country. The above research is based on the existing investigations in the sphere of criminal science summarizing and analyzing their application to the criminology of modern days.

Global Civil Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Civil Society - Essay Example Through much of the Cold War, realism (a later neorealism) dominated the international relations literature. This particular focus placed an almost exclusive emphasis on the state. However, with the introduction of concepts like interdependence theory in the 1970s by scholar like Keohane and Nye (1977), alternative positions started to emerge. These alternative - neoliberalism in particular - approaches argued that economics and scare resources forced states to interact with each other in increasingly frequency and in doing so states ceded sovereignty to international institutions. While neorealism remained dominant even after the Cold War, these alternatives raised important questions not only about state sovereignty, but also about the existence of international actors and their relationship with the state and between each other. One particular approach that gained momentum after the Cold War was the concept of Global Civil Society (GCS). GCS examines non-state actors such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), non-state organisations and social movements as a whole. Many of these concepts, though, are not new to the post-Cold War era. Rather, within the past two decades, GCS has come to refer to a specific set of actors whose interactions influence the globalised world and particularly challenge the state as an alternative form of governance; with these non-state actors playing an increasingly important role in international affairs. Accordingly, this paper seeks to identify the main actors in GCS and critically assess their roles. First, this essay will define GCS as to generally outline the concept. Section two will introduce the main actors and their roles. Finally, the conclusion will offer suggestions on the future of GCS; which will depend in large part on how current actors perceive and cooperate with each other. Define Global Civil Society While the concept of GCS was greatly developed after the Cold War, its origins can be traced back much earlier and include the idea of civil society. Heywood (2002, p.8) notes that "civil society consists of what Edmund Burke called 'little platoons', institutions such as the family and kinship groups, private business, trade unions, clubs, community groups." Civil society was separate from the mechanisms of the state and, to varying degrees, influenced domestic state behaviour. And as the state interacted with other states with increasing frequency through the 18th century, so too did non-state actors. Through the mid-20th century, Lawson (2003, p. 50) notes that NGOs and international organizations started to significantly increase their interaction with states and this constituted the emergence of 'international civil society'. While states still dominated, these non-state actors exerted more influence on the fabric of international relations. Yet, the framework and the interactio n of these non-state actors were such that it was not long before the 'international' transitioned into the 'global'. Like many concepts in international relations, GCS does not have a universally agreed definition. Axford (2002, p. 558) states "the existence of global civil society - a zone of transnational association and deliberation under the control on neither states nor markets

The Marketing Strategies of Beauty Companies Like Lux Beauty Soap Research Paper - 10

The Marketing Strategies of Beauty Companies Like Lux Beauty Soap - Research Paper Example The marketer takes stock of the demographic forces in a market population in order to best tailor their marketing strategies to suit it. This is manipulation of the marketing environment whether or not it is for its good (Micheal). Marketers know that in order for the consumer to be manipulated into buying a product that they need to: â€Å"Remember a cultural sign gets its meaning from the system or code in which it appears†¦.the image it portrays†¦.the social context in which the image is accepted†¦.†(Maasik 81). That means that marketers have to stay ahead to consumers to be able to predict their wants and needs. In the case of Lux Beauty, soap this means knowing the need of women for beauty and acceptance in a society that adores the beautiful. It is not only important to understand wants and needs but also to comprehend consumers concerns and motivations. This will enable the producers of goods to properly adjust product specifications and tailor them to co nsumer’s needs. This means that marketers have to research and scan the market so that the continually acquires information on consumers and their response to their products. It is the job of marketers to monitor events that occur outside the product to identify trends, opportunities and threats to the product from competitors or changes in consumer needs. With the onset of globalization, these activities are carried out on a global scale. Lux Beauty Soap is a globally bought product. This has led the company to use different images to portray beauty according to the societal norms of beauty.

Marketing to a Developing Country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing to a Developing Country - Essay Example It is estimated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that in 2013 the country will exhibit a growth of about 7.8% in its Gross Domestic Product. The growth rate of the country is significantly slowing down in the last 13 years because of the new believe of the policy makers. The policy makers in China now believe to have to sustained growth other than simply having a volatile high growth rate (Gordin, 2011). The country has adopted a new economic model that primarily intends to expand the sectors like consumption, service and innovation. Toys played by the children are luxury goods in nature. It is empirically true that the growing yield of per Capita income level will increase the purchasing power of the big strength of the Chinese population. The country had a strong socialistic economy, over the last few years the nation has adopted liberalization in free market principles. The state attempts to increase its consumption activities from 35% of its GDP to 50% from 2010 to 2015 ( Buyusainfo, 2013).Thus precisely if a business owner intends to spread business internationally for the first time then the growing market of China can be a good starting point. China is a labor surplus economy so it would be easier for the business firm to expand its business with cheap waged laborers. Furthermore the country is expanding over its level of domestic consumption. The Chinese toy market is wide and competitive, thus first starting a business in China will make the firm more competitive. 2. Determine aspects of your business’ product that you may have to change in order to accommodate the selected foreign country’s needs (packaging, advertising, etc.). China is a country which is known all over the world for its rapid technological development. Chinese Toy’s and electronic goods are well known in the market for electronic gadgets. Thus a newly entering business of toys in the Chinese market should strategically plan its packaging, advertising and p romotion in the market. When it comes to packaging the company must make ecological friendly packages for the toys. The product packaging must be attractive and colorful that it becomes catchy in the eyes of young children. The bright outlook of the packages must attract the children. The company in order to promote the sales of the toys must keep the provision of product trials. Children being able to play with the toys once would surely desire to buy them. The company should try to efficiently allocate its resources to spend a considerable amount on advertisements. Attractive advertisements in television would promote the sales of the toys. The company should adopt the policy of penetrating pricing. The price of the toys at the beginning must be lower than the prices set by the potential rivals in the market. Once the company achieves brand loyalty and trust from the consumers of China they can profitably increase the prices of the toys. Toys are luxury goods and people do intend to pay a lot for them (Som, 2013). 3. Create a plan that identifies emerging markets that you would like for your business to enter into overtime. The business that newly desires to international trade should always try to emerge its fame in the growing economies of the world. This is because in the growing economies per Capita income levels of the buyers increases rapidly. Indeed, if the purchasing power of commoners increases then it would become more likely for them to turn

Theories Used to Increase Work Motivation

Theories Used to Increase Work Motivation INTRODUCTION Employees are organizations, best asset as stated in American Psychological Association, 2006. The businesses of todays market emphasize on how to motivate subordinates in order to create productive and high-quality work environment. The case study states different methods to advance staff motivation for the satisfaction and increase in work performance of changing work environment. In Part A, the study involves the application of Herzbergs Two-Factor theory, Lockes Goal-Setting theory and Job design theory in a telecommunication firm called O2. O2 is a leading provider of mobile and broadband services to consumers and businesses in the UK To understand the theories of work motivation, the case study interprets the structured interview of an O2 sales advisor. After analysing the interview; suggestions were made to enhance the sale advisors work motivation. In Part B, there is a discussion on identifying the national culture differences and compare whether they would be effective for the Indian working environment from that of Part A. The theories are compared to a sales advisor of an Indian telecommunication industry named Airtel. According to Konsik et al (2007), Airtel is Indias largest telecom industry. JOB DESCRIPTION The sales advisor at O2 in the UK is responsible for the promotion of the companys products and its brand to potential customers, including solving their problems and tackling their complaints. The job role is designed to meet the targets and the person should possess good communication skills and should be confident (Randstad, 2010). The daily duty for the position is consisted of client reception, product and service introduction, selling phones and business contracts signing. THEORIES TO INCREASE WORK MOTIVATION In order to understand more about the job role, we interviewed Mr Ademola Abimbola who presently works as a sales advisor in O2 (see appendix exhibit 1). From the interviews, it can be seen that numerous methods of improving work motivation has been applied in O2, yet there is a possibility to increase it by using Goal-Setting theory and Herzbergs two-factor to enhance performance and satisfactory need. In this part the three theories will be analyzed and evaluated. HERZBERG Creating a good working environment internally and externally is essential for a personnel. From the interview, it appears that the environment for O2s workplace is likely to be improved by adopting Herzberg two-factor theory. This theory was proposed by Frederick Herzberg in 1959, who introduced five motivators, such as achievement and recognition, to contribute people toward satisfaction and another five hygiene factors containing company policy, supervision and other elements, associated with peoples unsatisfactory in their jobs (Robbins and Judge, 2001, pp.212-214). It is suggested that businesses should use intrinsic motivators to increase subordinates satisfaction that improves extrinsic working conditions not to make people dissatisfied. Nevertheless, it seems that job satisfaction does not contribute to job productivity; but the theory assumes that there is a relationship between job satisfaction and productivity (Robbins and Judge, 2001, p214). JOB CHARACTERISTIC MODEL Mr. Abimbola is given responsibility and autonomy to some extent, yet job characteristics model (JCM) may make him reach a higher level and thus Job Design will be introduced. Hackman and Oldhams JCM is based on job enlargement and job enrichment to address five core dimensions skill variety, task identify, task significance, autonomy and feedback to lead to favourable work motivation, performance, satisfaction and low absenteeism and turnover by cultivating experienced meaningfulness, responsibility and knowledge of results (Grant and Parker, 2009, p.320). Accordingly, this model can be introduced to improve satisfaction and performance. Whereas it seems powerful among work design theories, there are critique and limitations. Aldag, Barr and Brief (1981) argued that relationship between job characteristics and work outcomes was not strong. Furthermore, one paper addressed that the model did not obviously lead to job satisfaction when the employee concerned more about welfare (Robb ins and Judge, 2001, p.271). GOAL SETTING Goal Setting is an effective method to lead a positive effect over a period of time (Tolchinsky and King, 1980, p.455). Goal Setting is introduced to motivate employees at O2. According to Locke and Lathams Goal Setting theory (1990), staff setting is clear and difficult goal will improve higher performance than staff setting their own goals (McCracken and Brown, 2010, p29). When employees are assigned to their targets, their behaviour towards it depends on the degree of their conscious acceptance (Yukl and Latham, 1975, p.824). Therefore, the theory concludes that personnel performs better in the job when they receive feedbacks (Judge and Robbins, 2001, p.220) and suggests commitment to goals. However, there is criticism of this theory that it might be effective for simple jobs with few goals than a managerial job with many tasks; particularly when the tasks were difficult to be measured (Yukl and Latham, 1975, p.842). Moreover, another study argued the effectiveness of Goal-Setting that might be from different culture; but it may be effective for cultures with low power distance but not workable for countries with high uncertainty avoidance (Judge and Robbins, 2001, p.220). In addition, satisfaction, turnover and absenteeism are not stated in the theory; which is another limitation. Goal setting has many limitations while it may be one of the most influential theories of motivation. Only few studies dispute that setting a specific and difficult goal contributes to higher productivity (Judge and Robbins, 2001, p.236). CHOICE OF PREFFERED CHANGES HERZBERGS THEORY OF MOTIVATION Frederick Herzberg conducted various studies on the working environment of employees and factors leading to their satisfaction and dissatisfaction. With the help of these studies, he found out that factors that were causing job satisfaction were not the same as the factors causing job dissatisfaction. He termed the factors causing satisfaction as motivators and the factors causing dissatisfaction as hygiene factors. Motivators include factors such as growth, achievement, recognition, advancement, work itself and responsibility. Hygiene factors include supervision, company policy, salary, work conditions and internal relationships shared with employees (Robbins and Judge, 2009, p.212) It is essential for every organisation to satisfy both; the psychological and physiological needs of an employee. Psychological needs are connected to the emotions of an employee that are important to succeed and achieve the goals. These needs motivate an employee to grow in the organisation. Physiological needs are the materialistic needs of an employee. They can be fulfilled by providing material benefits. After conducting interviews (see exhibit 1), it is observed that the working environment of O2 includes various forms of motivators as well as hygiene factor. At O2 the psychological needs of an employee are satisfying, as the working environment is very informal and friendly. The employees have a direct communication at their workplace. O2 provides employment opportunities by introducing them to numerous people thereby increasing their networks. This is one of the utmost motivating factors for an employee. On the other hand, O2 is unable to fully satisfy the physiological needs of an employee. According to the structured interview (Exhibit 1), Mr. Abimbola claims that there are various benefits provided to him such as 25% discount on handsets, vouchers for retail stores such as River Island and Top man, pension schemes, eye test, 28 days annual leave and various other benefits for friends and family. However, he is not satisfied with these perks and tends to compare them with the benefits provided by other organisations. They look up to organisations like Virgin, which provides a lot of additional benefits such as good commissions and free holidays. GOAL SETTING THEORY Setting specific goals and targets give a direction to the work achieved by an employee. O2 provide Mr Abimbola an estimate of the task that he is expected to achieve. Once he is committed to the goal, he makes sure to achieve it. Thereby it can be said that goals are a great source of motivation for an employee. Moreover, setting difficult goals make an employee put in a 100% effort and results in better performance and higher productivity (Robbins and Judge, 2009, p.219). In this organisation, the staffs are included in setting of the goals. According to the interview (see exhibit 1) these goals are revised and reset every three months. However, O2 maintains a policy of setting up very challenging targets but also making sure that they are attainable. This way of functioning makes the job very stressful for the employees; nevertheless it also improves their overall productivity and performance. Justification of the choice After analysing the interview of Mr Abimbola, it appears that he is not satisfied with the perks and benefits that O2 have been offering during his time of working for the company. Due to this, his physiology needs were not fully met. Mr Ademola states that he admires mobile companies such as Virgin, who provide far more benefits such as joining UK Tribe, which is joined by only employees of Virgin and provides them numerous deals and offers. Recommendations such as vouchers for retail stores should be exchange with a discount card of a certain percent off, discount on travel insurance, discount on holidays, discount on restaurants and bars and discount on leisure and amusement organisations such as Alton Towers and Madame Tussauds. These recommendations should be reinforced with the benefits that the staffs of O2 are currently receiving. With these changes, the job performances of the staff in O2 will enhance, providing them motivation in providing good service and most importantly satisfying their physiology needs. The addition of the recommended benefits should not give a negative effect to the performances of the staff. However the employer should not provide too many goals and targets that are not attainable by the staff. Even though according to the Goal Setting Theory, setting difficult goals can make an employee put in a 100% effort and result in better performance and higher productivity, setting over the extreme difficult goals can cause the staff to not achieve the goals, which will result in bad performances and lower productivity. O2 is one of UKs leading providers of mobile and broadband services to consumers and businesses. 2. According to O2, they had more than 40 million fixed and mobile customers across Europe and in the UK they have 18.4 million customers. So with these facts, the opportunity of employing extra benefits for their staff is possible. With their high and impressive reputation, O2 can negotiate deals with other organizations to implement discounts for their staff. If O2 can invest money and time to ensure that these extra benefits are made for their staff, they will witness a soar in work performance from their staff and overall productivity. Consequence of the change Based on the preferred changes that have taken action, the employees should be satisfied with their psychological and physiological needs, leading them to succeed and to achieve the goals set by the O2. Satisfying the employees needs will increase their work performance and work commitment. At the same time, O2 should witness a soar in work performance from their employees and their overall productivity. However, everything could be double edge sword, as the changes are applied, there are resistance problems which will rise in the process of implementing new changes which may result in change failure or even a negative effect on both employees and O2. Resistance to changes According to Mr Abimbola, it is not ambiguous to see that he resisted against potential changes. The possible action he may take to resist the change will be meeting up with other employees in his working environment and negotiate with his manager. Although he believes that most of the other employees in O2 will accept potential changes in the future, it is considered that Mr. Abimbola will not be the only one who resists changes in working environment. Resistance to changes usually exist in organisations, that are threats to the originations, and every firm is striving to overcome them. Researchers are also working hard in find a way to minimise the resistance. Richard Derwent Cooke (2009), who is a specialist in developing and implementing plans for deflating resistance, developed a framework to overcome resistance to changes, which is shown below (Figure 1): Cooke (2009) stated that in order to deflate the resistance of change, the managers should understand what causes the resistance to occur. There are different reasons why people resist changes, they are differentiated regarding to industries, job position, place, time and many other aspects. Hellriegel and Slocum (2007) Suggested that there are two types of resistance in the organisation which are individual resistance and organisation resistance. According to this case, individual resistance is the key situation for O2. These two authors list six common reasons why people resist changes: the first one is perception; second is personality; and job habit could be one reason. However, the most 3 common reasons are: Threats of power and influence, and fear of unknown, as well as economic reason (Hellriegel and Slocum, 2007). According to the situation, Cookes framework of method is considered to be the appropriate solution for the case of O2s situation. Therefore, in this case what the manager needs to do is to understand the reason behind the resistance. However, in order to do this, the manager needs to communicate with his subordinates and listen to what they think of the change. Finally the manager should do something in response to solve the problems, such as make employees know what exactly will happen if the changes take place or the manager could guarantee employees in advance with certain unchanged after change. PART B INTRODUCTION In order to understand the differences of the work environment in India, we proposed to conduct a structured interview of a sales advisor in Airtel. According to Konsik et al (2007), Airtel is Indias largest telecom industry. The basis of the interview was the same that was conducted for the sales advisor at O2 Company. This allowed us to compare and understand the way of working and applied culture for the same job role in India. JOB DESCRIPTION According to the structured interview conducted, the job of Mr Mayur Goyal is to achieve the required sales target and deal with the queries of the customers approaching him. The daily duty of the sales advisor in the UK (O2) is similar to the daily duty of the sales advisor in India (Airtel) (see exhibit 3). THEORIES OF MOTIVATION HERZBERG TWO FACTOR THEORY According to Herzberg two factor theory, Mr Mayur Goyal is satisfied with the kind of working environment which can be also seen from the interview conducted (see exhibit 3). The communication between the management is followed by a rigid hierarchy and is not comfortable. According to Handy (1996), the working environment is categorised a Role Culture which involves getting the targets achieved quickly and creatively. The operations are carried out by following a certain set of rules and regulation as decided by the company. The communication between the management is complex where they can not directly reach the mangers. Head of Department Team manager Sales Assistant On the other hand, the working environment in O2 is categorised as Task Culture where the targets are achieved quickly and creatively. Moreover the communication between the management is flexible. In other words, the lower management staff can directly approach and communicate the manager. Sales Assistant Head of Department Salary and benefits are one of the crucial internal factors in any organisation as mentioned in the Herzbergs two factor theory environment (Robbins and Judge, 2001). As for the interview conducted in India, Mr Mayur is not satisfied with the kind of salary offered by Airtel but is satisfied with the benefits (see exhibit 2). Whereas on the other hand, Mr Abimbola at O2 is satisfied with the salary offered but he would like to have increased margin of commission and also the increase in the benefits from the company. Moreover as seen from exhibit 1 Mr. Abimbola says that there is lack of staff, due to which the work load increases. This makes the job tedious and the efficiency as a whole reduces. On the other hand, Mr Mayur works efficiently as there is appropriate staff. Hence it makes it easier for him to achieve targets. Hence it can be concluded team work is an important aspect of the internal environment of Herzberg which results in motivation at job. JOB DESIGN The structured interview (exhibit 2) shows that Mr. Mayur has no pressure of working environment, moreover he achieves more than the desired targets. Hence it clearly shows that there isnt any work load on Mr Mayur. In addition, he is working in the industry since 3 years and yet was not given any kind of promotional benefits. Ironically, although the job of Mr Abimbola is target oriented and he struggles with the kind of load set to him due to the shortage of staff as said by him in exhibit 1. Still Mr Abimbola claims to be satisfied from the working environment and also with the kind of responsibilities and benefits provided to him (exhibit 1). Hence it can be observed though the job is same in both the countries, but the working environment is satisfying in UK as compared to India. GOAL SETTING As seen Goal Setting deals in identifying of various goals that are effective in producing the improved levels of motivation and performance in a job environment (Locke, 1968). According to exhibit 1 and 2 it can be clearly seen that the jobs of both sales advisor are Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Time Bound. Therefore it can be concluded that both are given a similar type of goals to achieve but, Mr. Mayur completes more than the desired targets set to him giving an optimistic opportunity if compared to the job design of Mr. Abimbola. Hence it can be assumed that Mr. Mayur is more motivated and focused towards his job as compared to Mr. Abimbola. As seen in exhibit 1 Mr Abimbola is given a responsibility of getting involved in setting of the targets with his managers but if compared with Mr. Mayur the case is not the same. Therefore it is observed that there is a communication gap between Mr. Mayur and his managers. As a result he cannot provide any suggestions or recommendation in the setting of targets. Therefore in conclusion from above analyses of theories, it can be stated that there is a difference in organisation structure. In other words Indian job environment is functional structured organisation where there is inappropriate communication due to rigid hierarchy. Whereas the UK environment is a Boundary less structure organisation where the chains of command are eliminated and this results in flexibility. Conclusion The case study majorly considers the different ways in which the work motivation of employees doing a job role can be improved to lead to increased job satisfaction and work performance. It is essential for every organisation to satisfy both; the psychological and physiological needs of an employee. The theories that were used in the research are Herzberg Two factor theory of Motivation, Job Design theory and Goal setting theory of Motivation. With these theories we made recommendations and the results showed that following these theories increases the job satisfaction and work performance of employees. In addition the similar kind of job was taken into consideration in India, and studied the cultural differences in the motivating factor of both the jobs of a same kind but in a different working environment. After the analysis conducted by the use of motivational theories, it was experienced that there was a magnificent amount of culture difference in the job. As a conclusion we can say that the UK job was more satisfying in terms of exposure and responsibilities to be performed in the job as compared to Indian environment which had satisfied Mr. Abimbolas psychological and physiological needs.

Patriotism in Spiderman Movies Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The portrayal of the feelings of the general public is constantly used in film to stir the audience. If the filmmaker can rouse their feelings, people will be more engrossed in the movie than they would be otherwise. What is arguably the strongest emotion in many people is the feeling of patriotism. As George Bernard Shaw said, â€Å"Patriotism is your conviction that this country is superior to all other countries because you were born in it.† Though this feeling is not necessarily based on logic, it is none-the-less one of the most powerful feelings along with hatred and love. Depending on when a movie is made, the amount of patriotism portrayed is directly related to the political and social climate on the time. Specifically, the recent movies Spider-Man (2002) and Spider-Man 2 (2004) both show the differing amounts of patriotism that were in the American psyche at those two close but far different times in history. Additionally, it can be shown that th e movies can even have their own effect on the patriotic feelings of the time. Comparing and contrasting the two movies reveals how the differing times affected the final product of both movies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spider-Man (2002) was filmed in 2001 before and after the events of September eleventh, 2001, but wasn’t released until eight months after in May of 2002. Though when the film was originally written and shot the amount of patriotism was evident, after 9/11 the political climate ...

Millennium Development Goals Essay

Abstract: Woman is a term usually reserved for an adult, with the term girl being the usual term for a female child or adolescent. However, the term woman is also used to identify a female human, regardless of age. This paper examines the place of vocational education as a means of women empowerment in Nigeria. How much a nation develops has a lot to do with the quality of human resources and educational attainment of its citizens. The impact of vocational education programme as a positive instrument for the empowerment of women in South-East, Nigeria was discussed. It was predicated on the assumption that vocational education acquisition is closely related to economic empowerment of women. This programme as well as the curriculum could be designed to take care of the needs of the learners in order to acquire skills necessary for employment, self-reliance and economic development. The acquisition of these vocational skills will greatly help to empower and transform women into self-reliant persons and make her economically viable. This economic empowerment will greatly help to ameliorate the incidence of prostitution,  kidnapping, and other social vices that are prevalent among women in South-East, Nigeria. Hence, it is recommended among other things, that government, private organizations and NGOs should adequately support the funding of vocational education programme. Keywords: vocational education, economic empowerment, social vices. INTRODUCTION Women play a central role in the socio-economic development of any society. In fact societal sustainable development is possible only if women are actively involved. Women must therefore be both participants and beneficiaries of development programmes. The United Nations Development Programme UNDP (1997) observes that women worldwide constitute half of population, perform two thirds of the hours worked, are registered as only performing one third of these hours, receive only 10% of the world’s income and have 1% of the world’s property registered in their name. This is injustice at its peak, and no sustainable development will take place in such situation of inequality. The Nigerian woman has not pressed hard to derive the full benefit of her economic activism and activities. Going by the 2006 census, almost 50% of the  total population of the country of over 170 million is women. The Federal Office of Statistics, (2006) reports that 70% of this population (about 59,500,000 women) reside and work in the rural areas. In the last few decades, a consciousness has been awaken globally that unless something is done to empower women as an interest group, global development will remain a mirage. Vocational Education has been recognized as â€Å"an instrument for promoting environmentally sound sustainable development† (FRN, 2004:30) as well as â€Å"a  method of alleviating poverty. † It is the basis for the full promotion and improvement of the status of women. Vocational Education empowers women by improving their living standards. It is the starting point for women’s advancement in different fields of human endeavor and a basic tool that should be given to women in order to fulfill their roles as full members of the society. Education of which vocational is an aspect, constitutes the single most important institutional boost to women empowerment. Vocational Education  especially is an excellent tool for bringing about individual and national development. However, a cursory look at the pattern of women’s involvement in vocational education in Nigeria reveals abysmal low levels. In spite of all the laudable goals and objectives of vocational education, Nigerian women still suffer a lot of constraints and inhibitions which militate against their personal and national development. Vocational Education focuses on the learner who is made to imbibe or acquire knowledge, skills, values and even attitudes that enable him to solve his and societal problems. Educated persons who acquire knowledge and skill can easily manipulate goods and services to create wealth for themselves and the society and thus create employment opportunities for others thereby reducing poverty. In absence of this, what is obtainable is a whole lot of women who lack skills, knowledge and appropriate value- orientation to survive in a knowledge-driven economy. They turn out to be societal misfits – prostitutes, armed-robbers, kidnapers, cause crises and upheaval in the society. This paper examines the importance of vocational  education as a means of empowering women in Nigeria. It investigates socio economic and political factors impeding this noble field. It presents a case for improved women’s economic status through greater participation in vocational education to fight hunger, poverty and unemployment through wage or self employment in the face of insecure and corrupt society we find ourselves. VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL IN NIGERIA FRN (2004:29) described vocational education as †those aspects of the educational process involving, in addition to general education, the study of  technologies and related science and the acquisition of practical skills, attitudes, understanding and knowledge relating to occupations in various sectors of economy and social life. † Fakes (2005) defined vocational education as that type of education that has specific relation with working life. According to Ogbuanya (2006), it is practical oriented and spans across areas like agriculture and related trades, building and wood work trades, commercial and related studies, electrical, textile and related trades as well as hospitality trades. Going by the above definition, vocational and technical education are interwoven as both are geared toward development of skills needed in the world of work, it is based in manual and practical activities which prepares one for gainful employment in recognized institutions and fields. Vocational education has passed through a series of trends ranging from pre- colonial era to date. Fafunwa (1991) noted that formal (western) education started in Nigeria in 1842, however, prior to this time, traditional and Islamic education have been holding sway in Nigeria. Traditional education has some  features of vocational education like smiting, building, craft to mention but a few. Even with the commencement of Christian missionary activities in formal western education in Nigeria, emphasis was not placed on vocational education in the formal education sector. Pure literacy as against vocational skill acquisition was the goal of education then. However, by 1863, it occurred to the missionaries that the plough and spade should go together. Hence this principle made some missionary schools to include elements of manual work like farming and bricklaying in their extra-curricular activities. Worthy of mention is that the attempts made by some of the missionary organizations towards industrial and agricultural education failed in most cases. Today, as pressure mounts in long unemployment queues, youth restiveness, high cost of living and insecurity in the nation, there is growing need to embrace vocational education as a tool for women empowerment for real national development Goals and Objectives of Vocational Education and Training The Federal Republic of Nigeria, (2004) highlighted what the goals of vocational education should be to include: ?Provision of trained manpower in the applied sciences, technology and business particularly at craft, advanced craft and technical levels. ?Provision of technical knowledge and vocational skills necessary for agricultural, commercial and economic development. ?Giving training and imparting skills to individuals who shall be self- reliant economically. It is believed that trainees on completion of vocational education course will have employable skills, set up their own business and employ others or pursue further education in advance technical programmes or other  institutions of higher learning. Vocational education plays a vital role in improving the overall wellbeing of the people by empowering individuals through skill acquisition. UNESCO (2006) affirmed that since education is the key to any effective national development, vocational education is the master key that can alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life for all thereby achieving sustainable development through empowerment of women and youths alike. CHALLENGES OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION The importance of vocational education in both personal and national  development cannot be over-emphasized. Such type of education is paramount towards the grooming of the citizens that would not only be innovative and productive but having acquired general education could patriotically contribute towards the development of their respective societies. In contrast, in spite of the gain that could be sourced from vocational education, Nigeria is yet to attain the level of impressive satisfaction as far as formal vocational education is concerned. This situation could be attributed to the following factors: Inadequate personnel in vocational colleges: Vocational education in the formal education sector had not been yielding the expected dividends as a result of the paucity of teachers of the vocational courses recognized by the National Policy on Education. This has brought about a situation whereby the personnel readily available are made to take extra work loads which in effect is not beneficial for the development of vocational education. This practice had raped the official teacher-student ratio of 1:20 as provided by the Federal Republic of Nigerian in its National Policy on Education. Poor delivery and  reception of the expected skills has been a resultant effect. Another problem that had been undermining the development of interest towards the study of vocational education courses by individuals is the issue of lack of industries or job opportunities where the skills thus acquired could be meaningfully utilized (Mohammed 2009). It is obvious that most of the industries in Nigeria are winding up. In view of this, studying a course that will make an individual wallow in unemployment is not in the best interest of the individual. For this reason, individuals do opt for other courses where they have brighter job opportunities. This in fact would bring about the reduction in number of people who would be enthusiastic towards furthering their education along the line of vocational education. In addition, the proximity of the secondary schools to any university that is offering vocational education courses could be a factor towards the development of the zeal for studying vocational education courses. Lack of adequate materials: Vocational education is about the development of motor skills. This cannot be achieved where materials are not adequate. In the case of Nigeria, most of the secondary schools or technical and vocational  colleges do not have the workshops, laboratories and the materials cum equipment that would facilitate the teaching and learning of vocational education courses (Mbakwem and Anyanwu, 2013). This had led to the teaching of theoretical aspects of the courses thus making the learner deficient in the actual use or practice of principles delivered to them. As a result, the products of formal vocational education schools have failed to meet with the demands of employers of labour as they lack cognate vocational training. Sector-specific corruption and the crisis of funding manifested in grossly inadequate budgetary allocations as well as generally collapsed standards in virtually all levels of Education manifested in symptoms of mass failure, cheating, fraudulent and criminal tendencies in schools. These and other numerous obstacles do exist but this work had confined its discussion within the scope of the above stated. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT Empowerment is a call to action and it involves a process of fundamental change in quality of life of any material being. It is the ability to effect change  and make meaningful choices. Empowerment is investing legally or formally with power, authorizing, licensing, enabling, permitting, giving people more control over their own lives. Sako (1999) defines empowerment as the process of strengthening the existing capacities and capabilities of disadvantaged groups in society so as to enable them perform better towards improving themselves, their families and the society as a whole. It involves the provision of enabling environment for their productive and intellectual abilities to be realized. Wiki defines empowerment as not giving people power but letting  out the power in them. It opines that most women across the globe rely on the informal work sector for an income. If they are empowered to do more and be more, the possibility for economic growth becomes apparent. Ighodalo (1990) views women empowerment as a process of enabling women to develop the capacity to actualize their potentials. Ighodalo further adds that women should be looked at as individuals that possess some hidden potentials for greatness and so should be encouraged to develop such to the fullest. The process of empowerment must necessarily also include the  expansion of women’s access to educational opportunities, facilities for skills acquisition and positions of authority. Empowering the woman is empowering all of humanity. This is because the woman is the pivot of the family. United Nations was apt to capture this in this year’s international day for violence against women titled â€Å"From Peace in the home to Peace in the World†, it is believed that empowered women can do more to contribute to peace in the world. Empowerment is a drive towards realization of the innate potentials found in an individual. Thus, the potentials found in the woman can  be enhanced if empowered. Women empowerment involves issues like (a) How women perceive themselves and are perceived by intimate and distant others in society. (b) How women treat themselves and are treated by others. (c) Ability to make key decisions on matters relating to themselves and their children. (d) The kind of opinion they have in other aspects of decision making in the family. It must be noted here that all these are virtually impossible without proper and adequate training especially at the higher level which includes vocational education. BENEFITS OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT. Women empowerment could be likened to leveling the playing ground for women, and this would offer huge potentials to everyone. For example, UNICEF information sheet (2007) states that educating girls and women help develop self confidence, protection from sexual exploitation, improved health care, better child education and poverty reduction for generations to come. Women empowerment is a global topic. The United Nations included gender and women empowerment in its development goals as it is an important tool for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In Nigeria, a good  number of women are now found in many prestigious occupations such as law, medicine, architecture, the armed forces and so on and they are really living up to expectations. At the same time, an equally large number, especially those living in the rural areas are engaged in menial jobs to earn a living. Most jobs performed by women, according to Egunjobi (2005) have no economic values . Explaining further, Egunjobi states that all the work and activities which do not require financial reward are the responsibilities of women. This would explain the global call for women empowerment. There are high prospects in women empowerment. First the potentials of women will increase, resulting in building a virile nation, producing better women, better home makers, better future leaders and a better society. The contributions of females in top management positions revealed that females are up to the task. Women in leadership positions, especially in developing countries, have the responsibility and the potential to influence their society through leadership, particularly when they are enabled. Enabled women are empowered to aspire, attain and perform well in leadership positions while still carrying out the home front roles. Women are enabled when they are educated, exposed and economically emancipated. Throughout the ages and in all countries, women in leadership positions have impacted positively on the society. The history of mankind is replete with such women. The last century saw the emergence of great women leaders in various spheres of human endeavours, notable among who are Mother Theresa of Calcutta, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia and Winnie Mandela, who relentlessly battled the apartheid regime in South Africa  in spite of the fact that her husband was incarcerated at the time. Here in Nigeria such women include Queen Amina of Zaria, Idia of Benin, Moremi of Ile-Ife, late Professor (Mrs) Dora Akunyili, the former Director, National Agency for Food Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and former Honorable Minister of Information and Communication, her Re-branding initiative is still fresh in our minds, the coordinator of Nigerian economy and Minister of Finance, Dr (Mrs)Ngozi Okonjo Iweala, Prof Mrs Grace Alele. Williams the First Female Vice Chancellor in Nigeria, the Late Professor (Mrs) Jadesola Akande and even the keynote speaker of this conference, Prof. G. G. Agulanna, among others. Women from time immemorial have exhibited unparalleled ability in policy development and implementation. Education of which vocational education is an aspect remains a veritable weapon for women empowerment in all facets of life and a source of strength for national development. With vocational education, women will have greater self- fulfillment and would be able to contribute meaningfully to the social and  economic development of their societies. Again for economic reasons women no longer stay at home. The present economic recession has turned things round. Both male and female now cooperatively maintain the home even though the man is still regarded as the head of the family especially in the Nigerian Culture. In such instance, women with vocational skills will be able to earn additional salaries and support the husband and the standard of their living will be high and they can easily survive hard times. This will make for reductions in social vices like prostitution, theft and other corrupt acts perpetrated against and by women. In a situation where there is need for empowerment, vocational skills acquisition programmes is a sure means for women learners to gain basic education and or a vocational skill. The National Open University Centre for lifelong learning vocational skills acquisition programmes are designed to enhance the skills and knowledge of students, women included, for immediate employment whether in the private or public sector or be self employed. As at June, 2013, enrolment figures stand at 1066, 381 of this figure are females. These run their programmes in study centres in  the cities with the exception of Awa-Ijebu, Ogori and Gulak. Women of all ages deserve to be integrated into the mainstream of a national economy through training. (Olakulehin and Ojo 2006) CHALLENGES TO WOMEN EMPOWERMENT The importance of vocational education in both personal and national development cannot be over-emphasized. Such type of education is paramount towards the grooming of the citizens that would not only be innovative and productive but having acquired general education could patriotically contribute towards the development of their respective societies. In contrast, in spite of the gain that could be sourced from vocational education, Nigeria is yet to attain the level of impressive satisfaction as far as formal vocational education is concerned. This situation could be attributed to Illiteracy, according to Olakulehin & Ojo (2006), remains at the centre of women empowerment problems in Nigeria and that there is a palpable deluge of problems besetting the Nigerian women, all of them arise from illiteracy. Also, socio-cultural restraints such as limited parental resources, early marriages, pregnancy, childbearing, sexual harassment etc. negatively impact on women empowerment. In many societies, the education of women especially at the tertiary level is considered unimportant since they believe girls do not normally pay back in full measure the money invested in them. Again, religious practices of keeping women in purdah and the Shariah system (mostly in the northern part of Nigeria) hinder women from participation in education especially at the higher levels. In addition special protective measures aimed at protecting women and enhancing their effective participation has turned round to work against them. For example International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions ban women from night work, underground work and stipulate maximum weight to be carried by women. It also provides for maternity protection and welfare facilities at the work place. Some employers have capitalized on this to discriminate against women and spend less on training them. Added to the foregoing some have suggested that women are their own worst enemies. Some women married to wealthy men sometimes have lukewarm attitudes to education. Some women are lazy, lack proper education and are not making positive efforts to improve themselves. All these pose formidable challenge to the empowerment of women. MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED TOWARD EFFECTIVE WOMEN EMPOWERMENT The hub of development of any country lies on how productive and creative its population are, for a country like ours, where women constitutes a reasonable percentage, the government, parents and men in general have obligations to ensure that women are empowered to discharge their obligations to the society and to better their life. In the light of the issues discussed above, the following recommendations are proffered. ?Funding of vocational education should be taken seriously by the federal, State and Local governments. This they can achieve through increase in the budgetary allocation to educational sector which will reflect in the vocational education sub-sector. ?Vocational education should be inculcated into the school’s curriculum to promote human empowerment and development through vocational skill acquisition. It is a means of reducing unemployment since it is skilled oriented and employment motivated. All school programmes should be geared toward providing vocational skills. ?Government and other stake holders in education should embark on awareness programmes through workshops and seminars to educate girls, women, parents and general society on the benefits of vocational education for women. ?The private partnership and Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) should be encouraged to participate in vocational education through funding or contributions in kind. This involvement should be seen by firms as a long term investment, and as an aspect of their corporate social responsibility to the nation. ? To empower women, federal government should provide enabling  environment and all the necessary equipment and materials for the teaching and learning of vocational skills needed for economic enhancement in Nigeria. ?The women should shun joblessness and criminality through the cultivation of vocational spirit and acquisition of relevant skills that will launch them into greatness and economic independence. Conclusion Vocational Education has been viewed in this paper as a panacea to the endemic problem of poverty, hunger, Prostitution and other corrupt  tendencies, paving way for women empowerment. When women are trained, they explore opportunities in their immediate environment instead of chasing shadows and uncertainties in the urban centres. The development of Vocational Education will go a long way in creating employment, give women the opportunity to develop their enterprising skills, empowering them to be job creators and not job seekers and by providing them with the necessary skills and knowledge to raise their output; income and wealth thereby ameliorate the incidence of prostitution, kidnapping, and other social vices  that are prevalent among women in South-East, Nigeria. Vocational Education would also contribute to improve the image and highlight the role of women in society. REFERENCES Egunjobi, L. (2005). Women Empowerment: Perspectives and Prospects. Ado-Ekiti Fountain Newspapers and Publishing Co. Ltd. Empowerment Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/empowerment. retrieved 17/10/2014 Fafunwa, A. B (1991), History of Education in Nigeria: New edition, Ibadan: NPS Educational Publishers Limited. Fakes, B. B. (2005). Technical Education: An Overview of the Learning Process. Capacity,  building workshop for lecturers in Polytechnics and Monotechnics in Nigeria for higher competency and productivity. Education Trust Fund. Federal Office of Statistics (2006), Annual Abstract of Statistics (2006 edition) Abuja Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004). National Policy on Education: 4th edition. Yaba-Lagos: NERDC Press. Igbodalo, F (1990), Contributions of Women to National Development. Paper presented at the NAUW on Contribution of women to National Development. ILO (2004) International labour organization’s information sheet on the â€Å"convention on workers with family responsibilities. No. 156, 1981 – (July 2004). Mbakwem, J. N and Anyanwu, O. G. (2014) Assessing Qualitative Teaching and Learning Environment at Upper Basic Education in Imo State, Nigeria in T. A. Bolarin and G. C. Unachukwu (Eds) Education for All: Progress and Challenges. Proceedings of the 28th annual congress of The Nigeria Academy of Education (pp 225-232). Lagos: Toptune Educational Publishers. Mohammed, I. A. (2009), â€Å"Problems and Prospects of Vocational Education in Sokoto State. † Text Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of Federal College of Educaton. Gusau. Ogbuanaya, T. C. (2006). Vocational Education Training and Challenges of Human Resource Development. Nigerian Empowering the Youth through Technical and Vocational Education: A Panacea for Sustainable National Development. Journal of Professional Teachers 1(2) 207-214. Olakulehin, F. K. & Ojo, O. D. (2006). â€Å"Distance Education as a Women Empowerment Strategy in Africa. Turkish Online Journal of Distance education, 7, 1, 1. Sako . R. ed (1999) Women Empowerment and Advancement Manual , Kaduna: League for Democratic Women (Leads) UNDP (1997) Human Development Report 1995 , New York: Oxford University Press UNESCO (2006). Revitalizing Technical Vocational Education in Nigeria. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from. http://www. afrreorjo. org/pub UNICEF Information Sheet (2007) Nigeria Country Office. View as multi-pages TOPICS IN THIS DOCUMENT Vocational education, Higher education, Millennium Development Goals, Further education, Vocational school, Apprenticeship, Alternative education, Nigeria RELATED DOCUMENTS Women Empowerment †¦ Women’s Empowerment Source: www. undp. org UNDP promotes equality between women and men through ‘gender mainstreaming. ‘ The organization’s corporate strategy on gender is designed to integrate the promotion of women’s empowerment and equality fully in the organization’s core business. This strategy calls for gender mainstreaming to become everyone’s job – not the responsibility of a small number of specialists. It rests on three pillars:†¦ 4121 Words | 21 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Women Empowerment †¦ Empowerment of any section of a society is a myth until they are conferred equality before law. 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The Worst and Best Breakup Lines

The Worst and Best Breakup Lines Your relationship is not working out. You have hit a dead-end, and now your relationship is a cesspool of broken promises, jealousy, and boredom. You know that you have to end the relationship, but how do you approach this issue sensitively? If you handle things callously, you may end up with a bruised eye. If you are oversensitive, you may end hanging on to a dead relationship, feeling bitter and exhausted. Breaking up with someone is never easy. Especially, if you have been with been with that person for a long time. However, if things come to a head, and you feel it is time to move on, it is best to have a clean break up without carrying the burden of heartbreak or unspoken feelings. Saying unkind words, calling each other names, or simply shutting all communication with your partner is extremely bad ways to break up. If you expect to be in a healthy relationship, you should at least have the maturity to break up without being abusive or selfish. How Not to Break Up: 6 Worst Breakup Lines That Can Land You in Trouble If you don’t want your current girlfriend or boyfriend to become a stalking ex, or your spouse to file for divorce on grounds of mental harassment, you must ensure that the breakup does not become an ugly brawl. Also, how you express to your partner that you are breaking up with her will go a long way in restoring her faith in relationships and men. Here are six common breakup lines that can land you in trouble. 1. â€Å"It’s not you, it’s me.† This is a classic excuse when you want to avoid confrontation. Though it may seem non-accusatory, this breakup line is not fair because you don’t give the person a chance to find out what really went wrong. Worse, its usually not true: there are usually reasons for breaking up that relate to incompatibility on both sides. So what do you do, if it is really not her, but you that is the problem in the relationship? What if you mean it, sincerely? If it’s really not her, but you that is the problem, explain why thats the case. Perhaps you are truly unable to commit to a long-term relationship because you are financially insecure, or emotionally overwhelmed, or still in love with your ex. If there really is something going on with you that makes a relationship impossible at this time, don’t leave without offering a genuine explanation for the breakup. 2. â€Å"I want to take it slow.† To most people, I want to take it slow means I like you and want to pursue this relationship but at a different speed. While its possible that your partner will respond by walking away from the relationship altogether, a decent human being will see an opening to a conversation about how youd like to proceed. Do you want to get together less frequently? Slow down your physical relationship?  Ã‚   Bottom line, asking to take it slow is a great way to slow down the pace of your romance (assuming that youre in the early stages of getting to know one another). Its a poor way to actually end a relationship, and its almost certainly the wrong thing to say if youve been in a committed relationship for years! 3. â€Å"I am not ready for a relationship.† If you were not ready to be involved, what were you doing all along? Why put on a charade, and then pull the plug just when your partner was getting serious? A breakup line such as this one shows that you have no respect for your partner’s feelings. It is okay to not want to take the relationship to the next level if you are not ready. However, it is not fair that you choose to break off the relationship because you suddenly realized that what you thought was a  fairy tale romance was actually a real-world relationship with a flawed human being. 4. â€Å"Let’s just be friends.† This is the most dangerous breakup line, ever. It sounds like you are giving a compensatory reward to your partner by promising to be â€Å"friends.† Really? Do you expect her to buy that? Did you know that by promising to be friends, you are asking for trouble? Breakups are hard, and at this vulnerable moment, you might end up together on a rebound. Because, hey, you said you wanted to be â€Å"friends,† right?  If you truly continue to spend time together as friends, you may never be able to move on and never able to fully commit to your partner. 5. â€Å"I will always love you, but never like that.† Did you suddenly decide to become a saint? If you ever decide to use this breakup line, don’t be surprised if you end up with a bloody nose or an egg on your face. Why would you say that you love her when you don’t? Many people use this breakup line in the heat of the moment, hoping to diffuse the tension. However, this breakup line will always haunt you, even after you have long moved on. Don’t throw crumbs at your partner. It is not fair for you to break her heart, after leading her on to believe that you loved her. 6. Youre great, but it is really your sister I fancy. Even if this is the truth, please dont blurt it out. Some truths are best buried. You date a girl, only to later fall in love with her sister. How do you think shes going to take the news? Would she hug you and say, Oh wow! Im so happy to have you as my boyfriend and brother-in-law!? Or would she kick you out of her house and her life, the moment you utter those words? And what good would it do you to inform her that your heart flutters at the sight of her sister? No self-respecting girl would ever take this breakup line well. 9 Perfect Breakup Lines from Famous People Here are 9 famous quotes to use for breakup lines. They help to communicate the pain of breakup without seeming over the top. Use them to create your own personal breakup line. Borrow the ideas without making it clichà ©d. Let your breakup line be as memorable as your pickup line was.:   Maggi Richard Two words. Three vowels. Four consonants. Seven letters. It can either cut you open to the core and leave you in ungodly pain or it can free your soul and lift a tremendous weight off your shoulders. The phrase is: Its over. Marilyn Monroe Sometimes good things fall apart so better things can fall together. Sarah Mlynowski Just because a relationship ends, it doesn’t mean it’s not worth having. Alex Elle I’m thankful for my struggle because without it I wouldn’t have stumbled across my strength. Amit Kalantri I cannot compromise my respect for your love. You can keep your love, I will keep my respect. Judith McNaught,  Paradise Either give me your hand, or end it now, and put us both out of our misery. Lone Star I’m going to smile and make you think I’m happy, I’m going to laugh, so you don’t see me cry, I’m going to let you go in style, and even if it kills me – I’m going to smile. Fannie Flagg,  Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe You know, a heart can be broken, but it keeps on beating, just the same. S. B. Morse,  Now and at the Hour of Our Death A broken heart is just the growing pains necessary so that you can love more completely when the real thing comes along.

Signs of Roman power essays

Signs of Roman power essays The power and prestige of the Roman Emperors were apparent in everything from the large, extravagant palaces of Rome, to Roman art and sculpture, and even in Roman coinage. Julius Caesar was the first emperor to put his own image on the face of a coin within his own lifetime. In this way, he was proving to the Roman public that his face was the ideal model of Roman power and strength. In 44 B.C., Caesar issued a coin bearing his portrait in the veristic style of the day. On one side of the coin, his face was shown in profile. His exaggerated long neck, large Adams apple, lined cheeks and high, wrinkled forehead were all clear signs of Caesars age and wisdom. He even wears a golden wreath to hide his slightly balding head. Whether or not this is a perfectly accurate portrayal of the emperor is not important, the only task is to show the emperor in an influential and authoritative light. On the reverse side of the coin, Caesar goes even farther with his propaganda by showing the god Venus, in her military armor as Victrix, holding Victoria in her right hand. By showing the goddess on his coin, Caesar is specifically trying to symbolize the link between his family and that of the ancient gods. If Caesar himself is related to a god, then he must be divine himself. In this way, he not only links himself to the divine gods, but also all of Rome as well (a country of superhumans!). Therefore, using his own image as a symbol, Caesar specifically tries to portray the idea of ideal Roman power and supremacy on every object he can- even Roman coins. Symbols of strength and military power are also prevalent in the architecture of ancient Rome. The Roman Colosseum, also called the Ampitheatrum Flavium, was 160 feet high with eighty entrances and could seat more than 50,000 people when it was erected by Vespasians son Titus. In 80 AD, when the theatre was completed, the opening show was comprised of one hundred days o...

The Currency of Kenya Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Currency of Kenya - Essay Example An emerging market is those countries that have their cost of labor, either direct or indirect, low as compared to other countries cost of labor. This means that emerging markets have cheaper labor compared to wealthier nations. The wealthier nations have their labor cost high; hence investment in the wealthier countries is expensive. When wealthier nation invests in the emerging market, they spend less in their expense on the labor. They move fast to take advantage of the readily available cheaper source of labor. They invest in these emerging markets, capitalizing on their profits because they will spend a little amount of foreign currency on the labor. The emerging markets provide cheaper readily available labor, hence wealthier nations move quickly and invest in the emerging markets (Commission). The currency of Kenya exists as Kenyan shilling. Kenya offers to investment opportunities to the US government. Kenyan economy is moving to an open economy from a closed one. This ensures a stronger and a more stable economic prowess. An Exchange reform ensures a stable economy. When the US invests in Kenya, the Kenyan Shilling will be stable hence growing the economy to a greater height, hence attracting more investment. Sound political and economic environments attract investors. Foreign donations by the World Bank, IMF, and other world organization increase the confidence of other nations investing in Kenya (Commission). The spread return: this is the total amount the investor is expecting to get a profit from the investment. Investors risks by investing in foreign countries. Investors will invest more in a country when they ascertain more returns than when they invest in their country.

Wayne Williams Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wayne Williams Assessment - Research Paper Example The route taken by the accused could be a human rights preference, and it is also highly probable that he took that route to dump the body of one of his murder victims. The taunts that Wayne directed at the investigators cannot be overlooked as they could have two implications to the case. The investigations were slated at a time when race related matters were at an all time high. This could mean that Wayne was reacting to the maltreatment that he received which was a direct result of his race. On the other hand, it could be that he was highly corky and overconfident because he knew that there was no evidence that would eventually link him to the murders (Deadman, 1982). This paper will support the conclusion that Wayne Williams was guilty in the murder of some of the victims, as an outcome of fiber evidence analysis and linkage. Despite all the numerous challenges in the provision of evidence, in the above stated claims, there are certain aspects of the case that remain hazy. It is not possible for Wayne to claim that he was travelling to scout and recruit Cheryl Johnson, who could not be traced. There is no existing evidence that shows that they had previously communicated or even agreed to meet on the said date. Evidence that was gathered from his home intimated that he had taken time to acclimatize himself on the procedures to follow when trying to beat a polygraph test. It is a result of non-binding evidence that the prosecutors thought it prudent to rely on fiber evidence (Deadman, 1982). It is prudent to note that fiber evidence has contributed greatly in drawing resolute conclusions in criminology. The process, analysis, correlation and merging of fibers has the capacity of solving mysteries that would have otherwise remain unresolved. In the case of Wayne, the fibers processed and analyzed from the murdered victims were of a rare kind (Ramsland, 1991). However, investigators were able to